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- <text id=90TT2188>
- <link 93XP0285>
- <link 91TT0394>
- <link 90TT2501>
- <link 90TT2363>
- <title>
- Aug. 20, 1990: Liberia:To The Last Man
- </title>
- <history>
- TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1990
- Aug. 20, 1990 Showdown
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>Time Magazine</source>
- <hdr>
- WORLD, Page 51
- LIBERIA
- To the Last Man
- </hdr>
- <body>
- <p>As the bloody three-way civil war rages on, the U.S. wonders how
- its years of aid could have ended so disastrously
- </p>
- <p>By Otto Friedrich--Reported by Marguerite Michaels/Nairobi and
- J.F.O. McAllister/Washington
- </p>
- <p> In President Bush's other military rescue operation--sending in U.S. Marines last week to evacuate American
- civilians from war-ravaged Liberia--the best news was that
- the Marines encountered no opposition as they ferried out more
- than 160 people. Rebel leader Prince Yormie Johnson, whose
- threat to take Westerners captive provoked the Marine
- intervention, did seize 16 hostages from seven countries, but
- soon released them all.
- </p>
- <p> More promising was the unprecedented decision by Nigeria and
- four other West African nations to send a peacekeeping force
- of 2,700 troops into Liberia. The plan: to impose a cease-fire
- and establish a provisional government that would not include
- either beleaguered President Samuel Doe or his two rivals,
- Charles Taylor and Johnson.
- </p>
- <p> But Taylor, who commands the main rebel force and controls
- most of the Liberian countryside, vowed to resist the West
- Africans' intervention. He started by launching a new offensive
- last week to seize control of the divided capital, Monrovia.
- "We will use guns, machetes, knives," he cried. "We will kill
- all of them."
- </p>
- <p> The only player unheard from during the week's alarms was
- Doe, still holed up with a few hundred loyalist troops inside
- the executive mansion. Looking back over the disastrous war,
- which has now cost some 5,000 lives in the past seven months,
- U.S. officials could only wonder how their $500 million in a
- decade of generous aid had ended like this.
- </p>
- <p> Liberia had always seemed a comfortably quiescent sort of
- backwater. Founded by freed American slaves in 1822, it had
- been ruled until Doe by an elite of their descendants, known
- as Americo-Liberians, who ran everything. The U.S., in turn,
- used Liberia as a major outpost, building some $500 million
- worth of facilities, Voice of America transmitters for all of
- Africa, plus a navigational system and communications station.
- </p>
- <p> One day in 1980, Master Sergeant Doe led a band of soldiers
- into the executive mansion, shot down President William Tolbert
- and later executed 13 of Tolbert's associates on the beach.
- High school dropout Doe thereupon became President, the first
- from one of the indigenous tribes, the Krahns. He accused his
- predecessors of corruption, but his main goal was the end of
- Americo-Liberian rule. "The choice we faced," recalls Richard
- Moose, who was then Assistant Secretary of State for African
- Affairs, "was either to move into the situation, which was
- universally considered out of the question, and take control--or live with what confronted us."
- </p>
- <p> So U.S. officials took hopeful stock of Doe, who had been
- trained by U.S. special forces. Compared with Tolbert, Doe
- seemed refreshingly simple; he abandoned the presidential
- limousine for a Chevette. Officials also worried a lot in those
- days about the subversive efforts of Libya's Muammar Gaddafi.
- When Doe let it be known that Gaddafi had made overtures, the
- U.S. hastened to increase its aid, from $19 million in 1979 to
- $72 million in 1983. The U.S. theory was that Doe could be
- surrounded by technical experts who would educate him and keep
- him in line. "He was just a young soldier who was willing to
- listen and who could have gone either way," says an observer.
- </p>
- <p> U.S. officials put a good deal of pressure on Doe to go
- through the motions of democracy. They financed a commission
- to write a constitution for a return to civilian rule in 1985.
- They urged Doe to let opposition parties campaign against him
- in elections. But when early returns showed Doe losing heavily,
- he seized all the ballots and announced, two weeks later, that
- he had won 50.5% of the vote.
- </p>
- <p> Reagan Administration conservatives argued that any move
- against Doe might lead him to seize the American installations.
- And this was the heyday of Jeane Kirkpatrick's theory that
- traditional dictatorships of the Third World were more amenable
- to democratization than totalitarian regimes of the left.
- Washington endorsed Doe's election. "To withdraw support for
- Liberia's economic development," explained Chester Crocker,
- then Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs, "would
- sacrifice the tentative steps taken toward representative
- government."
- </p>
- <p> That was about the last time the U.S. had any control over
- Doe. When Thomas Quiwonkpa, a Gio and former army commander,
- tried to overthrow him, Doe had Quiwonkpa killed and
- eviscerated. Worse yet, Doe turned his soldiers loose on Gio
- tribal villages in Nimba County. Until then, Liberia had been
- relatively free of such hostilities, but the massacres started
- a tribal war that is still raging today.
- </p>
- <p> Congressional indignation at the worsening corruption and
- repression led to substantial aid cuts, from $76 million in
- 1985 to $11 million this year. But Doe seemed indifferent to
- his country's growing bankruptcy. U.S. officials still urged
- reform, but Doe, who often consults a shaman, responded to one
- overture from CIA director William Webster by offering him a
- magic powder.
- </p>
- <p> Last December Taylor, a former official in the government
- whom Doe had wanted to prosecute for allegedly embezzling
- nearly $1 million in government funds, led an army of some 170
- guerrillas across the border from the Ivory Coast and gradually
- advanced to the outskirts of Monrovia. But the rebels split
- when Prince Johnson, a Gio, began accusing Taylor of
- criminality. U.S. officials say that Taylor is just about as
- bad as Doe, and Johnson is no savior either. "If we had nudged
- Doe earlier and harder toward an open society and a free
- market, it might have made a difference," says an official, but
- as he surveys the dismal prospects, he sums them up in three
- words: "A bloody mess."
- </p>
-
- </body>
- </article>
- </text>
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